“Violence against women is perhaps the most shameful human rights violation. And it is perhaps the most pervasive. It knows no boundaries of geography, culture or wealth. As long as it continues, we cannot claim to be making real progress towards equality, development and peace.” -- Kofi Annan, Secretary General of the United Nations, March
The need for reforms in the legislations against women in educational and work areas is not an end-product of overnight observation; this is a resultant of the series of crime experienced by women in different walks of life from family, colleagues and society at large.
The violence against women was taken into account in international documents only since 1993, when the United Nations approved a declaration calling for the elimination of violence against women in all its forms, from violence within marriage and sexual harassment in the workplace to female genital mutilation and forced prostitution. These issues were discussed further at the UN Fourth Conference on Women held in Beijing in 1995. At about the same time, the Council of Europe issued a declaration with strategies to fight violence against women in a democratic Europe. Through the World Health Organization, violence is viewed also as a female health issue.
According to the studies published, at least one in three women globally has been beaten, coerced into sex or experienced abuse in her lifetime; 4 million women and girls are trafficked annually; more than 90 million African women and girls are victims of female genital mutilation; 50% of battered women have been killed by their partners, while in some countries this number amounts up to 70% of all murdered women become the victims of their partners in more cases than in all the cases of car accidents, rapes and robberies together; almost two thirds of the victims endure long-term violence, while more than half of them experience violence daily.
Violence against women and girls is a fundamental violation of human rights, representing one of the most critical public health challenges as well as a major factor hindering development.
It is estimated that one in three women worldwide will suffer some form of gender-based violence during the course of her lifetime. Despite efforts from the international community and the commitment by the vast majority of states to combat discrimination against women, notably by means of the ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against women
(CEDAW), women still remain victims of violence and discrimination in all regions of the world. Violence against women takes various forms including domestic violence; rape; trafficking in women and girl; forced prostitution; and violence in armed conflict, such as murder, systematic rape, sexual slavery and forced pregnancy. It also includes honour killings, dowry-related violence, female
infanticide, female genital mutilation, and other harmful practices and traditions.
Violence against women is inextricably linked to unequal gender norms and socio-economic power structures both in the public and private spheres. It serves to reinforce and perpetuate the unequal power relations between women and men. Thus, violence against women in the partner countries as well as the organisation of a two-day workshop that focussed on sharing experience and best practice among 25 women from diverse backgrounds in the five partner countries. Participants included NGO activists, journalists,women from minority groups, as well as the short-listed candidates of the photo-competition. The idea was to encourage the participation of young women who otherwise
might not have had the opportunity to do so, and promote their cultural expression in an area that urgently needs to be addressed in a comprehensive and multifaceted way. We would like to take this opportunity to thank our project partners and all the young women that participated in the activities of this project for their dedication and their enthusiasm in achieving our objectives.
whole. Thus various activist and lobby groups have recognized the role of effective legislations and stringent laws for the protection of women rights and some for the given attempts by the state is a result of that realization.
States are obligated under a comprehensive international legal and policy framework to address violence against women, including through the enactment of legislation. The first laws directly addressing domestic violence were passed in the United States of America and the United Kingdom in the 1970s and early 1980s, resulting in changes to criminal codes and the creation of separate laws containing the protection order remedy. Since the 1990s, many States have adopted or revised legislation on violence against women. These legal reforms have varied significantly in terms of the forms of violence they address, the type of action they mandate and the area of law (constitutional, civil, criminal, family) they reform. Some States have enacted legislation which addresses multiple forms of violence in a single piece of legislation. However, most legislation to date has addressed one or a few forms. Similarly, some States have enacted a single, comprehensive piece of legislation on violence against women, amending various legal codes and making provision for services and other preventative measures, while others have addressed the issue through incremental reforms. Some States have addressed violence against women in their Constitutions. While States have made significant progress in the enactment of legislation to address violence against women, numerous gaps and challenges remain. The United Nations Secretary-General’s 2006 in-depth study on all forms of violence against women notes that, as at 2006, only about half of United Nations Member States had in place legislative provisions that specifically addressed domestic violence, and fewer than half had legislation on sexual harassment, or on trafficking. Even where legislation existed, it was often limited in scope and coverage, such as definitions of rape by use of force; definitions of domestic violence limited to physical violence; treatment of sexual violence as a crime against the honour of the family or against decency, rather than a crime against a woman’s right to bodily integrity; reduction of sentences in rape cases where the perpetrator marries the survivor and/or immunity in cases of spousal/marital rape; laws that allow early or forced marriage; inadequate penalties for crimes of violence against women, including reduction and/or elimination of sentences for so-called crimes of honour. The resolution stressed the need to treat all forms of violence against women and girls as a criminal offence punishable by law, and highlighted States’ obligations to exercise due diligence to prevent, investigate and punish perpetrators of violence against women and girls, and to provide protection to complainants/survivors of such violence.
"Talk to me about the feminist movement,
the gubba middle class
hetero sexual revolution
way back in the seventies
when men wore tweed jackets with
leather elbows, and the women, well
I don’t remember or maybe I just don’t care
or can’t relate.
Now what were those white women on about?
What type of neurosis was fashionable back then?
So maybe I was only a school kid; and kids, like women,
have got on thing that joins that schemata,
like we’re not worth listening to,
and who wants to liberate women and children
what will happen in an egalitarian society
if the women and the kids start becoming complacent
in that they believe they should have rights
and economic independence,
and what would these middle class kids and white women do
with liberation, with freedom, with choices of
do I stay with my man, do I fall in love with other
white middle class women, and it wouldn’t matter if
my new woman had kids or maybe even kids and dogs
Yes I’m for the women’s movement
I want to be free and wear dunlop tennis shoes.
And indigenous women, well surely, the liberation
of white women includes all women regardless . . .
It doesn’t, well that’s not for me to deal with
I mean how could I, a white middle class woman,
who is deciding how can I budget when my man won’t
pay the school fees and the diner’s card club simply
won’t extend credit.
I don’t even know if I’m capable
of understanding
Aborigines, in Victoria?
Aboriginal women, here, I’ve never seen one,
and if I did, what would I say,
damned if I’m going to feel guilty, for wanting something
better for me, for women in general, not just white
middle class Volvo driving, part time women’s studies
students
Maybe I didn’t think, maybe I thought women in general
meant, Aboriginal women, the Koori women in Victoria
Should I apologise
should I feel guilty
Maybe the solution is to sponsor
a child through world vision.
Yes that’s probably best,
I feel like I could cope with that,
Look, I’d like to do something for our Aborigines
but I haven’t even met one,
and if I did I would say
all this business about land rights, maybe I’m a bit
scared, what’s it mean, that some day I’ll wake up
and there will be this flag, what is it, you know
red, black and that yellow circle, staked out front
and then what, Okay I’m sorry, I feel guilt
is that what I should be shouting
from the top of the rialto building
The women’s movement saved me
maybe the 90s will be different.
I’m not sure what I mean, but I know that although
it’s not just a women’s liberation that will free us
it’s a beginning"
-lisa belliar
